Physics

ABSTRACT
Electrical properties such as electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, Hall mobility, carrier concentration of p-type GaAs samples were studied at room temperature (300 K). Resistivity was found to be of the order of 5.6 × 10-3Ω-cm. The Hall coefficient (RH) was calculated to be 7.69 × 10-1cm3/C and Hall mobility (μH) was found to be 131cm2/V-s at room temperature from Hall effect measurements. Carrier concentration was estimated to be 8.12 × 1018/cm3 and the Fermi level was calculated directly from carrier density data which was 0.33 eV. Photoconductivity measurements were carried on by varying sample current, light intensity and temperature at constant chopping frequency 45.60 Hz in all the cases mentioned above. It was observed that within the range of sample current 0.1 - 0.25mA photoconductivity remains almost constant at room temperature 300K and it was found to be varying non-linearly with light intensity within the range 37 - 12780 lux. Photoconductivity was observed to be increasing linearly with temperature between 308 and 428 K. Absorption coefficient (α) of the samples has been studied with variation of wavelength (300 -2500 nm). The value of optical band gap energy was calculated between 1.34 and 1.41eV for the material from the graph of (αhν) 2 plotted against photon energy. The value of lattice parameter (a) was found to be 5.651Å by implying X-ray diffraction method (XRD).

Abstract
Optical and structural characterization of Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) thin films thickness ranging between 200 - 500 nm) prepared by vacuum (~10-6 Torr) evaporation method were investigated. The thin films were deposited with varying substrate temperature in the range 373 - 573K. Optical measurements were carried out with UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer with photon wavelength ranging between 300-2500 nm. The absorption coefficient, energy band gap, refractive index and extinction coefficient were determined using transmission and reflection spectra at the same wavelength range. The dependence of absorption coefficient in the photon energy had been determined. Analysis showed that direct transition occured with band gap energies ranges from 2.6 eV to 2.9 eV. Refractive indices and extinction coefficients were evaluated in the above spectral range. For structural properties, 300nm films were deposited with varying substrate temperatures and were vacuum annealed in situ at 373 K for one hour. The X- ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed polycrystalline nature of films having cubic (Zinc blende) structure. The most preferential orientation is along [111] direction for all deposited films together with other abundant planes [220] and [311]. Structural parameters such as lattice constant, grain size, internal stress, microstrain, dislocation density were calculated. The value of lattice constant was estimated to be5.660 Å to 5.761 Å.. The grain sizes were calculated to be which ranges between 266 Å to 384 Å. With the increase of substrate temperature the average grain size of the ZnSe films increases, as revealed from the XRD studies.